Abdominal Obesity and their association with Total Body: Fat Distribution and Composition. Case of Algerian Teenager Male high school students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2017.0308Keywords:
Belly Fat, Total Body Fat, Abdominal Adiposity, body compositionAbstract
Purpose: Our aim attempted to esteem the impact of abdominal fat on body fat distribution or composition related to total body fat as recommended weight loss among High School Students. Material: For the proposed, 100 male students from the Algerian high school Education Sector's mandate Sidi Bel Abbes, participate in the present study. Their average age 16±1.52 years, distributed into homogeneous groups, according to their body fat percent categories. Examined by saving tests (Body Fat Percentage (BFP) - Abdominal circumference (WC) - Body mass index (BMI)). Results: Based on the test data and the analysis statistics applied, we confirm: a) Abdominal obesity is excess body gain correlate with total fat BMI. It highly affected body composition reported as additional fat for overweight in compare with acceptable according to Ideal BFP categories. b) Abdominal obesity is an amount deep fat correlates to total BFP. It higher influenced the distribution of total body fat reported as additional excess fat among overweight category compared to the acceptable group. c) Waist circumference (WC) is the leading marker of abdominal fat deposits located in the central region of the body. While the combination of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), reflects the combined effects of body build (fat or fatness) in individuals at higher risk of excessive body fat. Conclusions: founded on the differences acquired by the research team. We highlight that abdominal obesity is strongly connected to larger WC relate to total body gain located as excess inordinate fatness BMI or fat distribution BFP among our overall sample. Evidence, which guides us to recommend our adolescent students to intensification their hours of sports practice, in order to avoid the consequences of abdominal obesity gain. Announced in the present study as excess abdominal adiposity more metabolically active. Requiring the control of body weight loss (BFP or BMI) strongly correlates to waistline as an ideally accurate measurement of total abdominal fat (visceral & subcutaneous). It's paired with BMI revealed their impact on body build in early adulthood or throughout life.Downloads
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References
Rifat Latifi. Surgery of complex abdominal wall defects. New York, NY: Springer; 2013.
Melvin A Shiffman, Sid Mirrafati. Aesthetic Surgery of the Abdominal Wall. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.
Kimberly. Fowler, Flat belly yoga!: the 4-week plan to strengthen your core. Emmaus, PA: Rodale; 2013.
Werner W K Hoeger, Wener W K Hoeger, Sharon A Hoeger. Principles and Labs for Physical Fitness. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2009.
Barbara C Hansen, George A Bray, The metabolic syndrome: epidemiology, clinical treatment, and underlying mechanisms. Totowa, N.J: Humana; 2008.
Eric S Freedland. Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond), 2004;1(12):2-4.
Victor R Preedy. Handbook of anthropometry: physical measures of human form in health and disease. New York: Springer; 2012.
Robert E Rakel. Textbook of Family Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2007.
Curtis Klaassen. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition. USA: McGraw Hill Professional; 2013.
M Sibai L Nasreddine, A H Mokdad, N Adra, M Tabet, N Hwalla. Nutrition transition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle East and North Africa countries: reviewing the evidence. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2011;57(3-4):193-203.
Ana Valeria B Castro, Cathryn M Kolka, Stella P Kim, Richard N Bergman. Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities – Mechanisms of association. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2014;58(6):600–609.
Szer G, Kovalskysa I, De Gregorio MJ, Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their relation to high blood pressure and central adiposity in students. Arch Argent Pediatr, 2010;108(6):492-8.
Mc Donald A, Bradshaw RA, Fontes F. Prevalence of obesity in panama: some risk factors and associated diseases, BMC Public Health, 2015;15:1075-1080.
Abdulrahman O Musaiger, Mariam Al-Mannai, Reema Tayyem, Osama Al-Lalla, Essa YH Ali, Faiza Kalam, Mofida M Benhamed, Sabri Saghir, Ismail Halahleh, Zahra Djoudi, Manel Chirane1. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adolescents in Seven Arab Countries: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Obesity, 2012;no.ID 981390:5-10.
Lazet Michaels Boatmon. Workout & Worship: 8 Steps to Physical & Spiritual Health. USA: iUniverse; 2009.
George A Bray, Handbook of Obesity: Volume 1: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Physiopathology, Third Edition. USA: CRC Press; 2014.
Christie M Ballantyne, Clinical Lipidology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009.
Abdulbari Bener, Mohammad T Yousafzai, Sarah Darwish, Abdulla OAA Al-Hamaq, Eman A Nasralla, Mohammad Abdul-Ghani. Obesity Index That Better Predict Metabolic Syndrome: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist Hip Ratio, or Waist Height Ratio, J Obes, 2013;1:269-275.
Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Body composition interpretation. Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index. Nutrition, 2003;7(8):597-604.
Nir Y Krakauer, Jesse C Krakauer. A New Body Shape Index Predicts Mortality Hazard Independently of Body Mass Index, PLoS One, 2012;7:7:395-400.
Pierre Singer. Nutrition in Intensive Care Medicine: Beyond Physiology. Basel: Karger; 2013.
Wener WK Hoeger, Sharon A Hoeger. Principles, and Labs for Fitness and Wellness 12th. USA: Cengage Learning; 2013.
Edward H Thompson, Jr, Lenard W Kaye. A man's guide to healthy aging: stay smart, strong, and active. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013.
Frances Sizer Webb, Eleanor Noss Whitney. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Belmont: Thomson/Wadsworth; 2006.
Waist Circumference as Compared with Body-Mass Index in Predicting Mortality from Specific Causes, PLoS One, 2011;6(4):185-192.
Praveen Kulkarni Nagendra, NC Ashok, D Sunil Kumar, Hugara Siddalingappa, B Madhu. World Health Organization-Body Mass Index for Age Criteria as a Tool for Prediction of Childhood and Adolescent Morbidity: A Novel Approach in Southern Karnataka, India, Int J Prev Med, 2014;5(6):695–702.
Brambilla P, Bedogni G, Moreno LA, Goran MI, Gutin B, Fox KR, Peters DM, Barbeau P, De Simone M, Pietrobelli A. Crossvalidation of anthropometry against magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children, Int J Obes (Lond), 2006;30(1):23–30.
Mohammed Z. Impact of Prolonged Periods Classroom Settings in Increase Intra-Abdominal Fat Area and its Consequence on Posture/Balance Control among Algerian Childhood College Preparatory School, Phys Med Rehabil Disabil, 2017;3:016.
Mohammed Zerf. Impact of theoretical courses on physical health performance, BLDE Univ J Health Sci, 2016;1(1):44-48.
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis. Elevated Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percentage Are Associated with Decreased Physical Fitness in Soccer Players Aged 12–14 Years, Asian J Sports Med, 2012;3(3):168–174.
Deurenberg P, Weststrate AJ, Seidell CJ. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas, Br J Nutr, 1990;65:105–114.
Janjic Jelena, Baltic ZM, Glisic Milica, Ivanovic Jelena, Boskovic Marija, Popovic Milka, Lovrenovic Mirjana. Relationship between Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percentage among Adolescents from Serbian Republic, Journal of Childhood Obesity, 2016;1(2:10):1-5. [Online].
Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith. Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Dr Bruce Miller. Raising Disease Free Kids: Inculcate Healthy Eating Habits & Lifestyle To Fight Diet Related Diseases. Oak Publication S/B; 2016.
Darwin Deen, Lisa Hark. The Complete Guide to Nutrition in Primary Care. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub; 2007.
David Magida, Melissa Rodriguez. The essentials of obstacle race training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2017.
Patrícia Feliciano PereiraGisele Queiroz Carvalho, Sônia Machado Rocha Ribeiro, Hiara Miguel Stanciola Serrano,Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio, Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini. Measurements of body fat distribution: assessment of collinearity with body mass, adiposity and height in female adolescents, Rev. paul. pediatr, 2015;33(1):63–71.
Oliveira CL, Veiga GV, Sichieri R. Anthropome tric markers for cardiovascular disease risk factors among overweight adolescents, Nutrition Research., 2001;21:1335-45.
Dr Marilyn P Shieh. Getting Healthy With the DeVip System. US: Trafford; 2012.
Ruth A Roth, Kathy L Wehrle. Nutrition & diet therapy. Australia: Cengage Learning; 2017.
Ball GDC, Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Watkins MP, Weigensberg MJ, Goran MI. Insulin sensitivity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity in overweight Hispanic youth, Obes Res, 2004;12:77–85.
Stephen H Boutcher. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss, J Obes., 2011;1:868-870.
M Krotkiewski, P Björntorp, L Sjöström, U Smith. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution, J Clin Invest, 1983;72(3):1150–1162.
David C Nieman. Exercise testing and prescription: a health-related approach. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 2007.
William E Garrett, Donald T Kirkendall. Exercise, and Sport Science. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Sareen S. Gropper, Jack L. Smith, Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Belmont: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2013.
Linda Brannon, Jess Feist. Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health. Australia: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning; 2010.
Henrike (Rianne) Joanna Cornelie Ravensbergen, Scott Alexander Lear, Victoria Elizabeth Claydon. Waist Circumference Is the Best Index for Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury, J Neurotrauma, 2014;31(3):292–300.
Brian E Saelens, Randy J Seeley, Kelly van Schaick, Lane F Donnelly, Kendall J O’Brien. Visceral abdominal fat is correlated with whole-body fat and physical activity among 8-y-old children at risk of obesity2, Am J Clin Nutr, 2007;85(1):46–53.
Mohammed Zerf. Body composition versus body fat percentage as predictors of posture/balance control mobility and stability among football players under 21 years. Physical education of students, 2017; 21(2): 96-102. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0208
Malara M, Kęska A, Tkaczyk J, Lutosławska G. Body shape index versus body mass index as correlates of health risk in young healthy sedentary men, J Transl Med, 2015;13(75):1-5.
Joseph S Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, D Keith Edmonds, Claire Templeman. Clinical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. USA: CRC Press; 2009.
Simon Langley-Evans. Nutrition, Health, and Disease: A Lifespan Approach. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.
Valerio G, Iafusco D, Zucchini S, Maffeis C. Study-Group on Diabetes of Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED). Abdominal adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2012 ;97 : 99–104.
Tiliouine Habib Estes, Richard J. The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies Social, Economic, Political, and Ideological Challenges. Springer: Verlag; 2016.
Espen E. Spangenburg. Integrative Biology of Women’s Health. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013.
Roy J Shephard. The year book of sports medicine 2012. Philadelphia, Elsevier; 2012.
Viljanen AP, Lautamäki R, Järvisalo M, Parkkola R, Huupponen R, Lehtimäki T, Rönnemaa T, Raitakari OT, Iozzo P, Nuutila P. Effects of weight loss on visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue blood-flow and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in healthy obese subjects, Ann Med, 2009;42(2):152-60.
Werner W K Hoeger, Sharon A Hoeger, Amber L Fawson, Cherie I Hoeger. Fitness, and Wellness. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.
Watts K, Jones TW, Davis EA, Green D. Exercise training in obese children and adolescents: current concepts, Sports Med, 2005;35:375–92.
Mohammed Z. Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative for All Ages, J Clin Epigenet, 2017;3:1:1-2.
Bruce M Achauer, Bahman Guyuron. Plastic Surgery: Aesthetic surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 2000.
Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idris, Hamek Bagdad, Houar Abelatif and Bengoua Ali. Impact of Body Composition on Optimal Competitive Body and its Consequences on Athletic Performance in Healthy Young, International Journal of Women’s Health and Wellness, 2016;2(6):20-26.
Oren Tirosh. Liver Metabolism, and Fatty Liver Disease. UK, CRC Press: 2014.
Melvin A Shiffman, Sid Mirrafati. Aesthetic Surgery of the Abdominal Wall. Berlin: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2005.
Kimberly. Fowler, Flat belly yoga!: the 4-week plan to strengthen your core. Emmaus, PA: Rodale; 2013.
Werner W K Hoeger, Wener W K Hoeger, Sharon A Hoeger. Principles and Labs for Physical Fitness. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning; 2009.
Barbara C Hansen, George A Bray, The metabolic syndrome: epidemiology, clinical treatment, and underlying mechanisms. Totowa, N.J: Humana; 2008.
Eric S Freedland. Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond), 2004;1(12):2-4.
Victor R Preedy. Handbook of anthropometry: physical measures of human form in health and disease. New York: Springer; 2012.
Robert E Rakel. Textbook of Family Medicine. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier; 2007.
Curtis Klaassen. Casarett & Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, Eighth Edition. USA: McGraw Hill Professional; 2013.
M Sibai L Nasreddine, A H Mokdad, N Adra, M Tabet, N Hwalla. Nutrition transition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle East and North Africa countries: reviewing the evidence. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2011;57(3-4):193-203.
Ana Valeria B Castro, Cathryn M Kolka, Stella P Kim, Richard N Bergman. Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities – Mechanisms of association. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2014;58(6):600–609.
Szer G, Kovalskysa I, De Gregorio MJ, Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and their relation to high blood pressure and central adiposity in students. Arch Argent Pediatr, 2010;108(6):492-8.
Mc Donald A, Bradshaw RA, Fontes F. Prevalence of obesity in panama: some risk factors and associated diseases, BMC Public Health, 2015;15:1075-1080.
Abdulrahman O Musaiger, Mariam Al-Mannai, Reema Tayyem, Osama Al-Lalla, Essa YH Ali, Faiza Kalam, Mofida M Benhamed, Sabri Saghir, Ismail Halahleh, Zahra Djoudi, Manel Chirane1. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adolescents in Seven Arab Countries: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Obesity, 2012;no.ID 981390:5-10.
Lazet Michaels Boatmon. Workout & Worship: 8 Steps to Physical & Spiritual Health. USA: iUniverse; 2009.
George A Bray, Handbook of Obesity: Volume 1: Epidemiology, Etiology, and Physiopathology, Third Edition. USA: CRC Press; 2014.
Christie M Ballantyne, Clinical Lipidology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009.
Abdulbari Bener, Mohammad T Yousafzai, Sarah Darwish, Abdulla OAA Al-Hamaq, Eman A Nasralla, Mohammad Abdul-Ghani. Obesity Index That Better Predict Metabolic Syndrome: Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, Waist Hip Ratio, or Waist Height Ratio, J Obes, 2013;1:269-275.
Kyle UG, Schutz Y, Dupertuis YM, Pichard C. Body composition interpretation. Contributions of the fat-free mass index and the body fat mass index. Nutrition, 2003;7(8):597-604.
Nir Y Krakauer, Jesse C Krakauer. A New Body Shape Index Predicts Mortality Hazard Independently of Body Mass Index, PLoS One, 2012;7:7:395-400.
Pierre Singer. Nutrition in Intensive Care Medicine: Beyond Physiology. Basel: Karger; 2013.
Wener WK Hoeger, Sharon A Hoeger. Principles, and Labs for Fitness and Wellness 12th. USA: Cengage Learning; 2013.
Edward H Thompson, Jr, Lenard W Kaye. A man's guide to healthy aging: stay smart, strong, and active. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013.
Frances Sizer Webb, Eleanor Noss Whitney. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies. Belmont: Thomson/Wadsworth; 2006.
Waist Circumference as Compared with Body-Mass Index in Predicting Mortality from Specific Causes, PLoS One, 2011;6(4):185-192.
Praveen Kulkarni Nagendra, NC Ashok, D Sunil Kumar, Hugara Siddalingappa, B Madhu. World Health Organization-Body Mass Index for Age Criteria as a Tool for Prediction of Childhood and Adolescent Morbidity: A Novel Approach in Southern Karnataka, India, Int J Prev Med, 2014;5(6):695–702.
Brambilla P, Bedogni G, Moreno LA, Goran MI, Gutin B, Fox KR, Peters DM, Barbeau P, De Simone M, Pietrobelli A. Crossvalidation of anthropometry against magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children, Int J Obes (Lond), 2006;30(1):23–30.
Mohammed Z. Impact of Prolonged Periods Classroom Settings in Increase Intra-Abdominal Fat Area and its Consequence on Posture/Balance Control among Algerian Childhood College Preparatory School, Phys Med Rehabil Disabil, 2017;3:016.
Mohammed Zerf. Impact of theoretical courses on physical health performance, BLDE Univ J Health Sci, 2016;1(1):44-48.
Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis. Elevated Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percentage Are Associated with Decreased Physical Fitness in Soccer Players Aged 12–14 Years, Asian J Sports Med, 2012;3(3):168–174.
Deurenberg P, Weststrate AJ, Seidell CJ. Body mass index as a measure of body fatness: Age- and sex-specific prediction formulas, Br J Nutr, 1990;65:105–114.
Janjic Jelena, Baltic ZM, Glisic Milica, Ivanovic Jelena, Boskovic Marija, Popovic Milka, Lovrenovic Mirjana. Relationship between Body Mass Index and Body Fat Percentage among Adolescents from Serbian Republic, Journal of Childhood Obesity, 2016;1(2:10):1-5. [Online].
Sharon Plowman, Denise Smith. Exercise Physiology for Health, Fitness, and Performance. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
Dr Bruce Miller. Raising Disease Free Kids: Inculcate Healthy Eating Habits & Lifestyle To Fight Diet Related Diseases. Oak Publication S/B; 2016.
Darwin Deen, Lisa Hark. The Complete Guide to Nutrition in Primary Care. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Pub; 2007.
David Magida, Melissa Rodriguez. The essentials of obstacle race training. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2017.
Patrícia Feliciano PereiraGisele Queiroz Carvalho, Sônia Machado Rocha Ribeiro, Hiara Miguel Stanciola Serrano,Maria do Carmo Gouveia Peluzio, Sylvia do Carmo Castro Franceschini. Measurements of body fat distribution: assessment of collinearity with body mass, adiposity and height in female adolescents, Rev. paul. pediatr, 2015;33(1):63–71.
Oliveira CL, Veiga GV, Sichieri R. Anthropome tric markers for cardiovascular disease risk factors among overweight adolescents, Nutrition Research., 2001;21:1335-45.
Dr Marilyn P Shieh. Getting Healthy With the DeVip System. US: Trafford; 2012.
Ruth A Roth, Kathy L Wehrle. Nutrition & diet therapy. Australia: Cengage Learning; 2017.
Ball GDC, Shaibi GQ, Cruz ML, Watkins MP, Weigensberg MJ, Goran MI. Insulin sensitivity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and physical activity in overweight Hispanic youth, Obes Res, 2004;12:77–85.
Stephen H Boutcher. High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise and Fat Loss, J Obes., 2011;1:868-870.
M Krotkiewski, P Björntorp, L Sjöström, U Smith. Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution, J Clin Invest, 1983;72(3):1150–1162.
David C Nieman. Exercise testing and prescription: a health-related approach. Boston: McGraw-Hill; 2007.
William E Garrett, Donald T Kirkendall. Exercise, and Sport Science. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.
Sareen S. Gropper, Jack L. Smith, Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Belmont: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2013.
Linda Brannon, Jess Feist. Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behavior and Health. Australia: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning; 2010.
Henrike (Rianne) Joanna Cornelie Ravensbergen, Scott Alexander Lear, Victoria Elizabeth Claydon. Waist Circumference Is the Best Index for Obesity-Related Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury, J Neurotrauma, 2014;31(3):292–300.
Brian E Saelens, Randy J Seeley, Kelly van Schaick, Lane F Donnelly, Kendall J O’Brien. Visceral abdominal fat is correlated with whole-body fat and physical activity among 8-y-old children at risk of obesity2, Am J Clin Nutr, 2007;85(1):46–53.
Mohammed Zerf. Body composition versus body fat percentage as predictors of posture/balance control mobility and stability among football players under 21 years. Physical education of students, 2017; 21(2): 96-102. doi:10.15561/20755279.2017.0208
Malara M, Kęska A, Tkaczyk J, Lutosławska G. Body shape index versus body mass index as correlates of health risk in young healthy sedentary men, J Transl Med, 2015;13(75):1-5.
Joseph S Sanfilippo, Eduardo Lara-Torre, D Keith Edmonds, Claire Templeman. Clinical Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. USA: CRC Press; 2009.
Simon Langley-Evans. Nutrition, Health, and Disease: A Lifespan Approach. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2015.
Valerio G, Iafusco D, Zucchini S, Maffeis C. Study-Group on Diabetes of Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology (ISPED). Abdominal adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2, Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2012 ;97 : 99–104.
Tiliouine Habib Estes, Richard J. The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies Social, Economic, Political, and Ideological Challenges. Springer: Verlag; 2016.
Espen E. Spangenburg. Integrative Biology of Women’s Health. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013.
Roy J Shephard. The year book of sports medicine 2012. Philadelphia, Elsevier; 2012.
Viljanen AP, Lautamäki R, Järvisalo M, Parkkola R, Huupponen R, Lehtimäki T, Rönnemaa T, Raitakari OT, Iozzo P, Nuutila P. Effects of weight loss on visceral and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue blood-flow and insulin-mediated glucose uptake in healthy obese subjects, Ann Med, 2009;42(2):152-60.
Werner W K Hoeger, Sharon A Hoeger, Amber L Fawson, Cherie I Hoeger. Fitness, and Wellness. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning; 2016.
Watts K, Jones TW, Davis EA, Green D. Exercise training in obese children and adolescents: current concepts, Sports Med, 2005;35:375–92.
Mohammed Z. Exercise is Medicine Global Health Initiative for All Ages, J Clin Epigenet, 2017;3:1:1-2.
Bruce M Achauer, Bahman Guyuron. Plastic Surgery: Aesthetic surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 2000.
Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idris, Hamek Bagdad, Houar Abelatif and Bengoua Ali. Impact of Body Composition on Optimal Competitive Body and its Consequences on Athletic Performance in Healthy Young, International Journal of Women’s Health and Wellness, 2016;2(6):20-26.
Oren Tirosh. Liver Metabolism, and Fatty Liver Disease. UK, CRC Press: 2014.
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2017-06-15
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Zerf M, Atouti N, Ben FA. Abdominal Obesity and their association with Total Body: Fat Distribution and Composition. Case of Algerian Teenager Male high school students. Physical Education of Students. 2017;21(3):146-51. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2017.0308
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