The 'Quiet Eye' and motor performance in basketball free throw shooting
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2021.0205Keywords:
eye strategies, quiet eye, free throw, basketball, motor controlAbstract
Background and Study Aim. This study investigates expert and amateur basketball players' visual tracking strategies accuracy and inaccuracy free throws. Material and Methods. A total of 22 university student, 11 of whom were experts (n = 5 females, n = 6 males) and 11 amateurs (n = 5 females, n = 6 males), without visual impairment, participated the study. Each athlete performed a total of 10 throws. The normal distribution of data recorded in both accurate and inaccurate throws was checked with the Shapiro-Wilk test. All of the data received on accurate and inaccurate throws were analyzed by independent samples t-test. Results. Expert basketball players were recorded to have an average of 78% accurate throws out of 10, and as for amateur basketball players, they were recorded to have 34%. During accurate throws, the quiet eye durations of expert basketball players were identified as ~886ms, and quiet eye durations during inaccurate throws were as ~570ms. During accurate throws, the quiet eye durations of amateur basketball players were identified as ~612ms, and quiet eye durations during inaccurate throws were as ~388ms. The study's findings reveal that expert basketball players develop statistically longer quiet eye and fixation durations than amateur basketball players. Conclusion. The study's findings have supported the phenomenon of longer quiet eye durations during expert athletes' specific motor skills. The knowledge obtained from the study's findings is thought to have the utmost significance in identifying the quiet eye durations of expert basketball players and teaching their visual strategies to amateur level athletes to improve their performance.References
1. Baker J, Farrow D. Routledge handbook of sport expertise. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group; 2017.
2. Farrow D, Baker J, MacMahon C. Developing sport expertise. Abingdon: Routledge; 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203119914
3. Broadbent D, Causer J, Williams A, Ford P. Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions. European Journal of Sport Science, 2014;15(4):322–331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.957727
4. Abernethy B, Russell D. The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in a racquet sport. Human Movement Science, 1987;6(4):283–319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(87)90001-7
5. Ward P, Williams A. Perceptual and Cognitive Skill Development in Soccer: The Multidimensional Nature of Expert Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2003;25(1):93–111.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93
6. Williams M, Davids K, Burwitz L, Williams J. Cognitive Knowledge and Soccer Performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993;76(2):579–593.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.579
7. Hancock D, Ste-Marie D. Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher- and lower-level ice hockey referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2013;14(1):66–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.08.002
8. Starkes J. Cognitive issues in motor expertise. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1993.
9. Roca A, Ford P, McRobert A, Williams A. Perceptual-Cognitive Skills and Their Interaction as a Function of Task Constraints in Soccer. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2013;35(2):144–155.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.2.144
10. Ward P, Williams A. Perceptual and Cognitive Skill Development in Soccer: The Multidimensional Nature of Expert Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2003;25(1):93–111.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93
11. Mann D, Williams A, Ward P, Janelle C. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007;29(4):457–478.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
12. Causer J, Holmes P, Smith N, Williams A. Anxiety, movement kinematics, and visual attention in elite-level performers. Emotion, 2011;11(3):595–602.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023225
13. Oudejans R, Karamat R, Stolk M. Effects of Actions Preceding the Jump Shot on Gaze Behavior and Shooting Performance in Elite Female Basketball Players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2012;7(2):255–267.
https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.7.2.255
14. Sáez-Gallego N, Vila-Maldonado S, Abellán J, Contreras Jordán O. El comportamiento visual de bloqueadoras juveniles de voleibol y su relación con la precisión de su respuesta. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 2015;15(2):143–154.
https://doi.org/10.4321/S1578-84232015000200016
15. Rienhoff R, Tirp J, Strauß B, Baker J, Schorer J. The ‘Quiet Eye’ and Motor Performance: A Systematic Review Based on Newell’s Constraints-Led Model. Sports Medicine, 2015;46(4):589–603.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0442-4
16. Steciuk, H, Zwierko T. Gaze behavior in basketball shooting: preliminary investigations. Trends in Sport Sciences, 2015;22(2).
17. Fischer L, Rienhoff R, Tirp J, Baker J, Strauss B, Schorer J. Retention of Quiet Eye in Older Skilled Basketball Players. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2015;47(5):407–414.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2014.1003780
18. Krzepota J, Stępiński M, Zwierko T. Gaze Control in One Versus One Defensive Situations in Soccer Players With Various Levels of Expertise. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2016;123(3):769–783.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516664903
19. Klostermann A, Panchuk D, Farrow D. Perception-action coupling in complex game play: Exploring the quiet eye in contested basketball jump shots. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2017;36(9):1054–1060.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1355063
20. Lebeau J, Liu S, Sáenz-Moncaleano C, Sanduvete-Chaves S, Chacón-Moscoso S, Becker B et al. Quiet Eye and Performance in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2016;38(5):441–457.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0123
21. Vickers J. Control of Visual Attention during the Basketball Free Throw. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996;24(6_suppl):S93–S97.
https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659602406S25
22. Vickers J. The Quiet Eye: Origins, Controversies, and Future Directions. Kinesiology Review, 2016;5(2):119–128.
https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2016-0005
23. Vine S, Wilson M. Quiet Eye Training: Effects on Learning and Performance Under Pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2010;22(4):361–376.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.495106
24. Wilson M, Vine S, Wood G. The Influence of Anxiety on Visual Attentional Control in Basketball Free Throw Shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2009;31(2):152–168.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.152
25. de Oliveira R, Oudejans R, Beek P. Gaze Behavior in Basketball Shooting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2008;79(3):399–404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2008.10599504
26. Mann D, Wright A, Janelle C. Quiet Eye: The efficiency paradox –comment on Vickers. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 2016;2016(1) .
https://doi.org/10.15203/CISS_2016.111
27. Fitts P, Posner M. Human performance. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; 1979.
28. Causer J, Bennett S, Holmes P, Janelle C, Wıllıams A. Quiet Eye Duration and Gun Motion in Elite Shotgun Shooting. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2010;42(8):1599–1608.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d1b059
29. Lee S M, Kim S, Park S H, et al. Self-paced sport events under temporal constraints: visual search, quiet eye, expertise and constrained performance time in far aiming tasks. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 2009;21(2).
30. Wilson M, Pearcy R. Visuomotor Control of Straight and Breaking Golf Putts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2009;109(2):555–562.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.2.555-562
31. Vickers J. Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1996;22(2):342–354.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.342
32. Cañal-Bruland R, Zhu F, der Kamp J, Masters R. Target-directed visual attention is a prerequisite for action-specific perception. Acta Psychologica, 2011;136(3):285–289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.001
33. Piras A, Lobietti R, Squatrito S. Response Time, Visual Search Strategy, and Anticipatory Skills in Volleyball Players. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2014;2014:1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/189268
34. Williams A, Singer R, Frehlich S. Quiet Eye Duration, Expertise, and Task Complexity in Near and Far Aiming Tasks. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2002;34(2):197–207.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222890209601941
35. Watanabe T, Sato T, Igawa S. Accuracy of Skill Performance in the Basketball Free Throw Shooting. BIO Web of Conferences, 2011;1:00096.
https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20110100096
36. Vickers J. Perception, cognition, and decision training. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 2007.
37. Wilson M, Wood G, Vine S. Anxiety, Attentional Control, and Performance Impairment in Penalty Kicks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2009;31(6):761–775.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.6.761
38. Harle S, Vickers J. Training Quiet Eye Improves Accuracy in the Basketball Free Throw. The Sport Psychologist, 2001;15(3):289–305.
https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.289
39. Vine S, Wilson M. The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuo-motor control. Acta Psychologica, 2011;136(3):340–346.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.008
40. Vine S, Moore L, Wilson M. Quiet eye training: The acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills. European Journal of Sport Science, 2014;14(sup1):S235–S242.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.683815
41. Vickers JN, Causer J, Vanhooren D. The Role of Quiet Eye Timing and Location in the Basketball Three-Point Shot: A New Research Paradigm. Front Psychol, 2019;10:2424.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02424
42. Moeinirad S, Abdoli B, Farsi A, Ahmadi N. The Role of Quiet Eye Duration and Its Components in a Complex Far-Aiming Task. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 2020;8(3):516–527.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2019-0048
43. Janelle C, Hillman C, Apparies R, Murray N, Meili L, Fallon E et al. Expertise Differences in Cortical Activation and Gaze Behavior during Rifle Shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2000;22(2):167–182.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.2.167
44. Vine S, Wilson M. Quiet Eye Training: The Effects of Physiological Arousal, Cognitive Anxiety, and Gaze Control in Biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2007;39(5):381–394.
https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394
45. Klostermann A. Especial skill vs. quiet eye duration in basketball free throw: Evidence for the inhibition of competing task solutions. European Journal of Sport Science, 2019;19(7):964–971.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1571113
46. Vickers J, Williams A. Performing Under Pressure: The Effects of Physiological Arousal, Cognitive Anxiety, and Gaze Control in Biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2007;39(5):381–394.
https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394
47. Williams A, Vickers J, Rodrigues S. The Effects of Anxiety on Visual Search, Movement Kinematics, and Performance in Table Tennis: A Test of Eysenck and Calvo’s Processing Efficiency Theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2002;24(4):438–455.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.4.438
2. Farrow D, Baker J, MacMahon C. Developing sport expertise. Abingdon: Routledge; 2013.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203119914
3. Broadbent D, Causer J, Williams A, Ford P. Perceptual-cognitive skill training and its transfer to expert performance in the field: Future research directions. European Journal of Sport Science, 2014;15(4):322–331.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.957727
4. Abernethy B, Russell D. The relationship between expertise and visual search strategy in a racquet sport. Human Movement Science, 1987;6(4):283–319.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-9457(87)90001-7
5. Ward P, Williams A. Perceptual and Cognitive Skill Development in Soccer: The Multidimensional Nature of Expert Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2003;25(1):93–111.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93
6. Williams M, Davids K, Burwitz L, Williams J. Cognitive Knowledge and Soccer Performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1993;76(2):579–593.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.76.2.579
7. Hancock D, Ste-Marie D. Gaze behaviors and decision making accuracy of higher- and lower-level ice hockey referees. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2013;14(1):66–71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.08.002
8. Starkes J. Cognitive issues in motor expertise. Amsterdam: North Holland; 1993.
9. Roca A, Ford P, McRobert A, Williams A. Perceptual-Cognitive Skills and Their Interaction as a Function of Task Constraints in Soccer. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2013;35(2):144–155.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.2.144
10. Ward P, Williams A. Perceptual and Cognitive Skill Development in Soccer: The Multidimensional Nature of Expert Performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2003;25(1):93–111.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.1.93
11. Mann D, Williams A, Ward P, Janelle C. Perceptual-Cognitive Expertise in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2007;29(4):457–478.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
12. Causer J, Holmes P, Smith N, Williams A. Anxiety, movement kinematics, and visual attention in elite-level performers. Emotion, 2011;11(3):595–602.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023225
13. Oudejans R, Karamat R, Stolk M. Effects of Actions Preceding the Jump Shot on Gaze Behavior and Shooting Performance in Elite Female Basketball Players. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2012;7(2):255–267.
https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.7.2.255
14. Sáez-Gallego N, Vila-Maldonado S, Abellán J, Contreras Jordán O. El comportamiento visual de bloqueadoras juveniles de voleibol y su relación con la precisión de su respuesta. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 2015;15(2):143–154.
https://doi.org/10.4321/S1578-84232015000200016
15. Rienhoff R, Tirp J, Strauß B, Baker J, Schorer J. The ‘Quiet Eye’ and Motor Performance: A Systematic Review Based on Newell’s Constraints-Led Model. Sports Medicine, 2015;46(4):589–603.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0442-4
16. Steciuk, H, Zwierko T. Gaze behavior in basketball shooting: preliminary investigations. Trends in Sport Sciences, 2015;22(2).
17. Fischer L, Rienhoff R, Tirp J, Baker J, Strauss B, Schorer J. Retention of Quiet Eye in Older Skilled Basketball Players. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2015;47(5):407–414.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2014.1003780
18. Krzepota J, Stępiński M, Zwierko T. Gaze Control in One Versus One Defensive Situations in Soccer Players With Various Levels of Expertise. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2016;123(3):769–783.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516664903
19. Klostermann A, Panchuk D, Farrow D. Perception-action coupling in complex game play: Exploring the quiet eye in contested basketball jump shots. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2017;36(9):1054–1060.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1355063
20. Lebeau J, Liu S, Sáenz-Moncaleano C, Sanduvete-Chaves S, Chacón-Moscoso S, Becker B et al. Quiet Eye and Performance in Sport: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2016;38(5):441–457.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0123
21. Vickers J. Control of Visual Attention during the Basketball Free Throw. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1996;24(6_suppl):S93–S97.
https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659602406S25
22. Vickers J. The Quiet Eye: Origins, Controversies, and Future Directions. Kinesiology Review, 2016;5(2):119–128.
https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2016-0005
23. Vine S, Wilson M. Quiet Eye Training: Effects on Learning and Performance Under Pressure. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2010;22(4):361–376.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.495106
24. Wilson M, Vine S, Wood G. The Influence of Anxiety on Visual Attentional Control in Basketball Free Throw Shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2009;31(2):152–168.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.2.152
25. de Oliveira R, Oudejans R, Beek P. Gaze Behavior in Basketball Shooting. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 2008;79(3):399–404.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2008.10599504
26. Mann D, Wright A, Janelle C. Quiet Eye: The efficiency paradox –comment on Vickers. Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS), 2016;2016(1) .
https://doi.org/10.15203/CISS_2016.111
27. Fitts P, Posner M. Human performance. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press; 1979.
28. Causer J, Bennett S, Holmes P, Janelle C, Wıllıams A. Quiet Eye Duration and Gun Motion in Elite Shotgun Shooting. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 2010;42(8):1599–1608.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d1b059
29. Lee S M, Kim S, Park S H, et al. Self-paced sport events under temporal constraints: visual search, quiet eye, expertise and constrained performance time in far aiming tasks. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 2009;21(2).
30. Wilson M, Pearcy R. Visuomotor Control of Straight and Breaking Golf Putts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2009;109(2):555–562.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.2.555-562
31. Vickers J. Visual control when aiming at a far target. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1996;22(2):342–354.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.342
32. Cañal-Bruland R, Zhu F, der Kamp J, Masters R. Target-directed visual attention is a prerequisite for action-specific perception. Acta Psychologica, 2011;136(3):285–289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.001
33. Piras A, Lobietti R, Squatrito S. Response Time, Visual Search Strategy, and Anticipatory Skills in Volleyball Players. Journal of Ophthalmology, 2014;2014:1–10.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/189268
34. Williams A, Singer R, Frehlich S. Quiet Eye Duration, Expertise, and Task Complexity in Near and Far Aiming Tasks. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2002;34(2):197–207.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222890209601941
35. Watanabe T, Sato T, Igawa S. Accuracy of Skill Performance in the Basketball Free Throw Shooting. BIO Web of Conferences, 2011;1:00096.
https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20110100096
36. Vickers J. Perception, cognition, and decision training. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics; 2007.
37. Wilson M, Wood G, Vine S. Anxiety, Attentional Control, and Performance Impairment in Penalty Kicks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2009;31(6):761–775.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.6.761
38. Harle S, Vickers J. Training Quiet Eye Improves Accuracy in the Basketball Free Throw. The Sport Psychologist, 2001;15(3):289–305.
https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.15.3.289
39. Vine S, Wilson M. The influence of quiet eye training and pressure on attention and visuo-motor control. Acta Psychologica, 2011;136(3):340–346.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.12.008
40. Vine S, Moore L, Wilson M. Quiet eye training: The acquisition, refinement and resilient performance of targeting skills. European Journal of Sport Science, 2014;14(sup1):S235–S242.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.683815
41. Vickers JN, Causer J, Vanhooren D. The Role of Quiet Eye Timing and Location in the Basketball Three-Point Shot: A New Research Paradigm. Front Psychol, 2019;10:2424.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02424
42. Moeinirad S, Abdoli B, Farsi A, Ahmadi N. The Role of Quiet Eye Duration and Its Components in a Complex Far-Aiming Task. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 2020;8(3):516–527.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2019-0048
43. Janelle C, Hillman C, Apparies R, Murray N, Meili L, Fallon E et al. Expertise Differences in Cortical Activation and Gaze Behavior during Rifle Shooting. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2000;22(2):167–182.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.2.167
44. Vine S, Wilson M. Quiet Eye Training: The Effects of Physiological Arousal, Cognitive Anxiety, and Gaze Control in Biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2007;39(5):381–394.
https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394
45. Klostermann A. Especial skill vs. quiet eye duration in basketball free throw: Evidence for the inhibition of competing task solutions. European Journal of Sport Science, 2019;19(7):964–971.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1571113
46. Vickers J, Williams A. Performing Under Pressure: The Effects of Physiological Arousal, Cognitive Anxiety, and Gaze Control in Biathlon. Journal of Motor Behavior, 2007;39(5):381–394.
https://doi.org/10.3200/JMBR.39.5.381-394
47. Williams A, Vickers J, Rodrigues S. The Effects of Anxiety on Visual Search, Movement Kinematics, and Performance in Table Tennis: A Test of Eysenck and Calvo’s Processing Efficiency Theory. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 2002;24(4):438–455.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.4.438
Downloads
Published
2021-04-30
How to Cite
1.
Ayaz Kanat E, Şimşek D. The ’Quiet Eye’ and motor performance in basketball free throw shooting. Physical Education of Students. 2021;25(2):103-9. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2021.0205
Issue
License
Copyright Holder - Author(s). more
Statistics
Abstract views: 2368 / PDF downloads: 1758
