Physical development of students of teacher training college as a result of exercises of cheerleading

Цель: определить степень влияния упражнений чирлидинга на физическое развитие студенток педагогического колледжа. Материал: в исследовании принимали участие 385 студенток I-III курсов. Уровень физического развития студенток определялся по показателям гармоничности телосложения (индекс Кетле 2), функциональныx возможностей системы дыxания, устойчивости организма к гипоксическим явлениям (индекс Скибински), регуляции сердечно-сосудистой системы (индекс Робинсона). Измерялись: длина и масса тела, оxватные размеры грудной клетки, талии, бедра, жизненная емкость легкиx, время задержки дыxания на вдоxе (проба Штанге), систолическое и диастолическое артериальное давление, частота сердечныx сокращений в покое. Результаты: В результате первичного исследования установлен «низкий» уровень физического развития студенток. Рассмотрены возрастные различия в исследуемыx показателяx. Выявлено положительное влияние упражнений чирлидинга на показатели функциональныx возможностей системы дыxания и устойчивости организма к гипоксическим явлениям, регуляции сердечно-сосудистой системы. Выводы: Применение в процессе физического воспитания упражнений чирлидинга положительно повиляло на уровень физического развития студенток педагогического колледжа.

mass, chest, hip and waist circumferential sizes, vital capacity of lungs, breathing pause after inhale (Stanger's test), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart beats rate in rest were measured.
The research was conducted on base of pedagogic college of Kharkov humanitarian pedagogic institute. In the research 385 1 st -3 rd years girl students of not physical culture profile participated. They were organized in 3 control and 3 experimental groups: 1 st group -1 st year girl students; 2 nd group -2 nd year girl students and 3 rd group -3 rd year girl students. All girl students related to main and preparatory health groups. In the course of experiment, girl students of control groups were trained as per state program of physical education. In program of experimental groups, cheerleading elements (basic movements, jumps and so on) were included.
Results of the research Analysis of anthropometrical measurements results showed absence of confident differences between indicators of control and experimental groups' girl students (р >0.05). (See table 1). Analysis of the received indicators in age aspect showed that with age they increase (though not always confidently, р>0.05). Confident differences were observed between indicators of body mass of 1 st and 3 rd experimental groups' girl students, 1 st and 2 nd experimental groups and 2 nd and 3 rd control groups. The same concerns chest circumference in 1 st and 3 rd experimental groups (differences were confident, р <0.01 -0.001).
As per indicators of body composition's harmony (index of Kettle 2) and assessment scale [17] girl students of all tested groups correspond to mark 1 point ("corpulent body composition"). After application of cheerleading exercises at physical culture lessons (see table 1) anthropometrical indicators did not change substantially in experimental and control groups (р>0.05). Repeated calculation of Kettle 2 index also did not result in significant changes. Thus, application of specially selected cheerleading exercises in pedagogic college 1 st -3 rd year girl students' physical education did not influence noticeable on harmony of body composition.
Analysis of indicators of respiratory system functional state (see table 2) showed absence of confident differences between control and experimental groups' girl students (р> 0.05). Analysis of the mentioned data in age aspect showed that with age vital capacity of lungs improves (differences are not confident. р>0.05). Exclusions are results of 1 st and 3 rd experimental groups (differences are confident, р<0.05). Analysis of Stanger' test showed wave and not confident character (р> 0.05). Exclusion were indicators of 2 nd and 3 rd experimental groups' girl students, where differences were confident, р<0.05).
Comparing received results by Skibinsky's index with assessment scale [17] we found that indicators of girl students of all tested groups corresponded to 2 points (level "below average"). After application of specially selected cheerleading exercises at physical culture lessons (see table 2) it was found that all indicators of respiratory system of experimental groups' girl students significantly improved (changes were confident, р<0.05-0.001). The most expressed improvement was in 17 years' girls.
The same analysis of control groups' results showed that they also improved a little. However, these changes were not confident, р>0.05. Analysis of secondary indicators in age aspect showed absence of significant changes in comparison with initial data. Exclusions were indicators of Stanger's test in 2 nd and 3 rd experimental groups (though differences were not confident, р>0.05). Comparing of results of Skibinsly's index calculation with assessment scale [17] showed improvement of experimental groups' results by 1 point ("average" level). In control groups there were no changes by assessment criteria.
Thus, application of specially selected cheerleading exercises positively influenced on functioning of respiratory system of pedagogic college girl students. The most noticeable improvements were in 17 years' girl students. Analysis of cardio-vascular system's indicators (see table 3) permitted to determine absence of confident differences between experimental and control groups girl students (р> 0.05). Analysis of indicators of cardio-vascular system in experimental and control groups in age aspect permitted to find that blood pressure indicators increase with age. With it, differences between systolic pressure indicators are not confident (р> 0.05). Results of diastolic pressure were confident (р<0.05-0.001). Analysis of heartbeats rate data showed that there were no age distinctions (р>0.05). Exclusions were only results of 2 nd and 3 rd groups' girl students, differences between which were confident (р <0.05). Analysis of cardio-vascular system's regulation by Robinson's index [17] permitted to determine that indicators of girl students of all tested groups corresponded to 3 points ("average" level).
Application of specially selected cheerleading (see table 3) exercises positively influenced on functional state of cardio-vascular system of experimental groups' girl students (though changes were mainly not confident, р>0.05). Confident changes were observed only in heartbeats rate indicators of 2 nd and 3 rd age groups (р <0.05 -0.001). Analysis of repeated data in age aspect did not show substantial distinctions, comparing with initial data.
Comparing of secondary results of Robinson's index calculation with assessment scale [17] showed increase of experimental groups' indicators by 1 point and mark became 4 points (level "above average"). In control groups, no changes by assessment criteria were observed.
Thus, application of specially selected cheerleading exercises in physical education of pedagogic college 1 st -3 rd year girl students positively influenced on functional state of cardio-vascular system of girl students.
Analysis of girl students' initial physical condition (body composition harmony, functional state of respiratory and cardio-vascular systems) showed that it corresponded to 2 points (level "below average") in all tested groups. The same comparison of data after experiment showed increase of physical condition in experimental groups. It became equal to 3 points ("average" level). In control groups there were no changes as per assessment scale. Thus, implementation of cheerleading exercises in physical education process influenced positively on experimental groups' girl students physical condition.

Discussion
Analysis of scientific-methodic literature showed that there was insignificant quantity of works, devoted to influence of cheerleading on girl students' functional state. Some works study cheer-leading influence on physical condition of pre-school age children [23], on girl students of technical university [22] and humanitarian pedagogic academy [36]; on physical health of secondary forms' pupils [1,2,27].
Basing on analysis and generalization of our research's results we found that implementation of cheerleading exercises in physical education of 1 st -3 rd year girl students did not influence noticeably on anthropometrical indicators (р>0.05). It coincides with the data, presented in works of number of authors [8, 10, and 25]. The authors note that the tested age period is characterized by completion of growth and organism's formation processes. Most of body dimensions reach final value. That is why in this age rational physical load does not noticeably influence on them. Analysis of respiratory system's indicators after application of cheerleading exercises permitted to state that in experimental groups they significantly and confidently improved (р<0.05-0.001). In the tested control groups parameters of functional state of respiratory system also improved to some extent, but not expressively and not confidently, (р>0.05). The received results are consistent with other authors' researches [1, 2, 27, and 36]. We found positive influence of different kinds of cheerleading on respiratory system functioning in secondary forms' pupils and in students of higher educational establishments. It is explained by the fact that with systemic practicing of physical exercises oxygen consumption increases significantly, blood circulation improves, metabolism is activated and functional potentials of respiratory system are indirectly strengthened.
Analysis of cardio-vascular system's indicators after experiment showed that in experimental groups they improved (though, mainly, not confidently, р>0.05). Confident character of changes was observed only in 2 nd and 3 rd age groups (р <0.05 -0.001). In this case we observed general tendency to reduction of heart beats rate. In control groups results also improved a little (they were not confident (р>0.05). The received data are consistent with the data of other authors [1, 2, and 27]. These authors found that cheerleading exercises did not confidently influenced on functioning of cardio-vascular system of secondary school age children. Besides, they noted a general tendency to reduction of heart beats rate. The above said is confirmed by the data of I.I. Zemtsova [8]. The author says that systemic practicing of physical exercises for endurance reduces heartbeats rate. These changes witness about economic character of heart functioning, strengthening of its reserves and are consistent with main laws of age development.
As a result of our researches, it was found that implementation of cheerleading exercises in physical education process of pedagogic college girl students positively influenced on general physical condition level of the tested experimental groups. This level increased from "below average" to "average" level. In the tested control groups, no changes in physical condition were registered. The received results are consistent with the data of other authors. These authors affirm that such changes are observed in secondary forms' pupils [1, 2, and 27] and in higher educational establishment's students [22,36].
Thus, on the base of analysis and generalization of our research's results we supplemented the data of T.M. Bala, I.P. Masliak [3,26], I.A. Zinchenko [9], N.V. Krivoruchko, I.P. Masliak, I.N. Zhuravliova [11-13, 32, 34] about influence of cheerleading on different spheres of trainees' life activity. Besides, we confirmed the data of T.M> Bala, I.P. Masliak [1,2,27], V. Piatnitskaya [36], O.V. Timopheyeva. [22] about positive impact of cheer-leading on parameters of trainees' physical condition. For the first time we determined influence of cheerleading exercises on general level of physical condition of pedagogic college girl students. Besides, we found the most sensitive to cheerleading organism's systems and the most favorable age periods for improvement of physical condition by means of cheerleading. Conclusions 1. As a result of initial testing, we registered "low" level of 15-17 years' age girl students' physical condition. 2. Application of cheerleading exercises in physical education process positively influenced on physical condition level of pedagogic college girl students.
The further researches in this direction can be realized by determination of cheerleading exercises' influence on girl students' physical fitness.